Jirjis Al-Jawhari Copts Politics Taxation Mamluks French Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821 Cairo (Egypt) Islam Muslims Military Ottoman Empire Dhimmis Coptic Church Patriarchs and patriarchate Ibrahim Al-Jawhari Mohammad, Ali
Source
The Coptic encyclopedia, volume 3, (CE:1332b-1334b). Originally published in print by Macmillan, reproduced with permission.
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