Skip to main content

Image / Mules and child running in a field, San Basilio de Palenque, 1976

Have a question about this item?

Item information. View source record on contributor's website.

Title
Mules and child running in a field, San Basilio de Palenque, 1976
Creator
Cross, Richard, 1950-1983
Date Created and/or Issued
1976
Publication Information
California State University, Northridge
Contributing Institution
California State University, Northridge
Collection
Richard Cross Photographs (Bradley Center)
Rights Information
Use of images from the collections of the Tom & Ethel Bradley Center is strictly prohibited by law without prior written consent from the copyright holders. The responsibility for the use of these materials rests exclusively with the user.
The Bradley Center may assist in obtaining copyright/licensing permission to use images from the Richard Cross collection. http://www.csun.edu/bradley-center/contact
Description
A boy runs after a mule and another mule is grazing nearby on the hills surrounding San Basilio de Palenque, where boys have the obligation to learn from a very young age to ride horses and to herd cattle for pasture and milking. They would wake up very early in the morning, around 5 a.m., go up in the mountains to take care of the cows, and then come back to town to go to school from 8 a.m. to noon. San Basilio de Palenque, a town located 31 miles from Cartagena, is considered the first community to officially free enslaved people in the Americas because, on August 23, 1691, the Spanish King Charles II signed a royal charter recognizing the freedom of the runaway communities in the María Mountains. Local authorities, however, did not sign a treaty with these communities until January of 1714 acknowledging their freedom and ordering the establishment of the town of Palenque San Basilio Magno. People in San Basilio de Palenque speak a Spanish-based creole language known as Palenquero. According to local public records, in 1975 the village had 2,400 residents (mostly farmers or day laborers) and 388 houses. Colombian anthropologist Nina S. de Friedemann had been studying the Afro-Colombian community of San Basilio de Palenque since 1973 for the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and Richard Cross joined her to do work as a visual anthropologist in June 1975. This image illustrates Cross’s anthropological category: Inventory of male-female work roles.
Un niño corre tras una mula y otra mula pasta cerca de las colinas que rodean a San Basilio de Palenque, donde los niños tienen la obligación de aprender desde una edad muy temprana a montar a caballo y criar ganado para pastoreo y ordeño. Se levantaban muy temprano por la mañana, alrededor de las 5 a.m., subían a las montañas para cuidar las vacas y luego volvían a la ciudad para ir a la escuela de 8 a.m. al mediodía. San Basilio de Palenque, un pueblo ubicado a 50 kilómetros de Cartagena, se considera la primera comunidad en liberar oficialmente a personas esclavizadas de América porque el 23 de agosto de 1691, el rey español Carlos II firmó una cédula real que reconocía la libertad de las comunidades de personas fugitivas en el Montañas de María. Sin embargo, las autoridades locales no firmaron un tratado con estas comunidades sino hasta enero de 1714, reconociendo su libertad y ordenando el establecimiento del poblado Palenque San Basilio Magno. La gente en San Basilio del Palenque habla una lengua criolla con base en español conocida como palenquero. Según los registros públicos locales, en 1975 el pueblo tenía 2,400 residentes (en su mayoría agricultores o jornaleros) y 388 casas. La antropóloga colombiana Nina S. de Friedemann había estado estudiando la comunidad afrocolombiana de San Basilio del Palenque desde 1973 para el Instituto Colombiano de Antropología y Richard Cross se unió a ella para trabajar como antropólogo visual en junio de 1975. Esta imagen ilustra las categorías antropológica de Cross: Inventario de roles laborales masculino-femenino.
Type
image
Format
Photographs
image/jpeg
Color slides
Extent
35 mm
Identifier
99.01.RCr.sl.B7.07.02.29
http://digital-collections.csun.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p17169coll1/id/9351
Subject
Mules
Grazing
Boys--Colombia--San Basilio del Palenque
Place
San Basilio del Palenque (Colombia)
Relation
99.01.RCr.sl.B7.07.02.29.tif
Richard Cross Photographs
California State University Northridge. University Library. Special Collections & Archives. Tom & Ethel Bradley Center

About the collections in Calisphere

Learn more about the collections in Calisphere. View our statement on digital primary resources.

Copyright, permissions, and use

If you're wondering about permissions and what you can do with this item, a good starting point is the "rights information" on this page. See our terms of use for more tips.

Share your story

Has Calisphere helped you advance your research, complete a project, or find something meaningful? We'd love to hear about it; please send us a message.

Explore related content on Calisphere: