Charles Handy article on the contrasting philosophies in management education. Handy first outlines the range of problems in education strategies utilized in management education. He proceeds to argue that there have emerged two main currents of management thinking, the Instrumental stream and the Existential stream. According to Handy, the Instrumental stream in management education tends to be subject-based and deductive in its assumptions about reasoning and learning. In contrast, the Existential philosophy tends to focus on the individual, viewing the teacher as a type of coach and tutor who aids the student in developing his/her own intellectual capacities. In the end, Handy notes, there are costs as well as benefits in both approaches, since the Existential school is unlikely to attract organizational support and the Instrumental school will be prone to creating conformity in thought and therefore an uninspiring environment.
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