Covenant of ‘Umar Arabs Arab Conquest of Egypt Arabic language History Islam Jerusalem Muslims Jews Christianity Byzantine Empire Council of Chalcedon (451) Melchite Church Persecution Monophysites Heresy Historians Alexandria (Egypt) Taxation Romans Dhimmis Patriarchs and patriarchate ʻUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, Caliph, -644 Poll tax (Islamic law)
Source
The Coptic encyclopedia, volume 2, (CE:655a-656b). Originally published in print by Macmillan, reproduced with permission.
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